EU-RC partner organisation event: 7th FRUCT conference in St-Petersburg on April 28-30
The Austrian Institute for Advanced Studies and the Russian Academy Of Sciences organised a workshop in Vienna on 16-17 February to launch the Vienna Dialogue – a meeting of experts from Russia and the EU to seek ways of improving the EU-Russian relationship.
Former Austrian Foreign Minister, Ursula Plassnik, said that there was a lack of trust between the EU and Russia. The conflict in Georgia had been a shock to the EU – it was a war that should not have happened. There were too many misperceptions on both sides and hence the need to encourage people-to-people contacts. The OSCE should play a more important role. Visa liberalisation should also be encouraged. There was a need to work on joint projects. Pragmatism – yes – but one must not forget human rights which were under severe strain in Russia.
Erhard Busek (former Vice Chancellor) suggested the EU and Russia should intensify efforts to settle the Transdniestr dispute.
Vladimir Baranovsky (Academy of Science) questioned whether a legal agreement was the best way forward for EU-Russia relations. The WTO issue was complex and should be resolved soon. Visa liberalisation was also important. Following the elections in Ukraine, there was a window of opportunity for all sides (Russia/Ukraine/EU) to cooperate. It was interesting to see Belarus moving closer to the EU. One should look at the Northern Dimension and cross border cooperation as examples of how to move forward in EU-Russia relations.
Fraser Cameron (EU-Russia Centre) said that ‘old thinking’ was holding back the relationship. There were numerous shared interests between the EU and Russia (energy, security, environment, etc) and both sides needed to look for win-win solutions. The EU was ready to assist Russia with the modernisation agenda but would Russia be ready, willing and able to make the necessary internal changes that President Medvedev had identified e.g. separation of powers, rule of law, fighting corruption, strengthening civil society?
Mark Entin, Director EU Institute in Moscow, thought that the EU was less interested in Russia e.g. no mention in German coalition deal. There were potentially new areas for cooperation between Europol/Eurojust and Russia – but also new dividing lines on Justice & Home Affairs.
Sergei Kortunov (Academy of Science) considered that discussion of the Medvedev security proposals would take time. The current agenda should focus on arms control, energy security, terrorism, OSCE reform, CSBMs, Ukraine (neutral status for ten years?).
Tomas Gomart, IFRI, spoke of the contradiction between slow negotiations and need to show results. The EU was under strain from the financial crisis. There was still no real agreement on how to deal with Russia. The countries of the Eastern Partnership were crucial for Russia, not so for the EU. The main threats facing the EU and Russia were from outside Europe. There were no lack of processes between Russia and the West: a) Medvedev proposal b) Corfu OSCE process c) global energy cooperation d) WTO e) PCA negotiations f) Georgia talks in Geneva g) START. The EU was not sufficiently visible in all these processes.
Sergei Kulik (INSOR) outlined the main points of the recent report of the Institute of Contemporary Development. He said there was a growing body of opinion in support of the modernisation agenda – political as well as economic.
Ruslan Grinberg (Academy of Science) said that Russia was too dependent on energy. It was not competitive in other areas and this had to change.
Bernhard Felderer (Austrian industrialist) agreed and said that the investment climate was not good. Over-bearing bureaucracy and corruption were two huge problems. The absence of the rule of law another.
Johannes Eigner (MFA, Austria) said that the current negotiations were the most suitable format. Creeping integration was a good description. All EP partners and Russia should move down track towards association agreements.
Barbara Stacher (EU delegation, Moscow) said that several WGs were discussing regulatory convergence. She was worried at growing protectionism in Russia partly as a result of the financial crisis.
The Vienna Dialogue will shortly produce a statement on how to move forward in EU-Russia relations.
The EU Russia Centre and FRIDE (Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior) held a dinner-debate on EU-Russia relations in Madrid on 9 February. There were 20 participants from the Spanish government, the business sector, the academic world and think tanks.
Opening the discussion Lord Ashdown, President of the EU-Russia Centre, said that the situation in Russia was worrying. The economy had suffered a severe blow as a result of the global recession; there were increasing signs of social tension and mounting disparities between the regions. Even President Medvedev was talking of Russia facing a ‘dead end’, relying too much on oil and gas, failing to diversify the economy or develop a vibrant civil society. The rule of law was a key issue that was necessary to attract and keep Western investment and to build the foundations for a liberal, democratic society. Relations with the EU were stagnating as Russia could not make up its mind on WTO membership. However, the EU was vitally important to assist Russia with its modernisation plans.
In reply, a senior Russian official agreed that Russia needed to diversify and become more competitive. Fighting corruption and reforming the judicial system were other top priorities. Russia had democratic institutions, but no experience of democratic culture. It still had one foot in the Soviet past. There was also considerable mistrust on both sides, especially about NATO. The EU should move to abolish visas –something they were arguing for during the Cold War.
A business representative cast doubt on whether Russia really belonged in the BRICs. According to the World Bank, it was moving backwards not forwards in all governance indicators. A representative from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that Spain wanted to set the parameters for a long-term relationship with Russia. It was important to deepen people-to-people contacts in order to break down misperceptions.
A former Spanish EU official emphasised the importance of the energy relationship. It should be a win-win area that brings the EU and Russia closer together. Another official said that there were too many disparate EU interests in the energy field and the EU should agree a common internal energy policy before trying to deal with Russia. There was also debate on whether the EU was right to pursue an all-embracing strategic relationship with Russia or whether it should seek ad hoc areas of agreement to promote its own interests.
The discussion also covered security and global issues. There was a division on whether NATO had acted wisely in pushing so fast for enlargement. No one considered that the Medvedev proposals would find much support in the EU or US. The idea of Russia joining the EU or NATO (as had been proposed this week by a Russian think tank) was regarded as a very long-term aim. Everyone agreed that states in the common neighbourhood had the right to choose their own future, but this did not mean automatic membership in the EU or NATO. There was also agreement that both the EU and Russia had to adjust to a fast-changing world where power was moving inexorably towards Asia.
Concluding the debate, Richard Youngs, the Director General of FRIDE, said that it had been a most valuable discussion. There were certainly many misperceptions on both sides and hence a priority should be to promote exchanges at all levels. The EU should help Russia with its modernisation agenda but it should also remain true to its values and continue to support those pressing for liberal, democratic reforms within Russia.
10 февраля 2010, Лондон. Бывшая судья Московского Городского Суда Ольга Кудешкина выступила 8 и 9 февраля 2010 года на двух семинарах в Лондоне, организованных Центром ЕС-Россия. Она выразила надежду на реформу российской судебной системы и рассказала о своем видении приоритетов этой реформы.
В ходе семинаров «Российская судебная система в новом десятилетии. Приоритеты изменений», организованных совместно с Комитетом по правам человека, Межпартийной группой по России британского парламента и Центром внешней политики, кроме Ольги Кудешкиной, выступили ее коллеги: профессор Билл Бауринг (колледж Беркбек, Лондонский университет); Дрю Холинер, единственный практикующий адвокат в Англии и Уэльсе, одновременно являющийся членом российской коллегии адвокатов; Алена Леденева, профессор политических и социальных наук в SSEES (Школа славянских и восточно-европейских исследований) при Лондонском университете и член британского парламента Боб Варенг.
По словам г-жи Кудешкиной, в настоящее время основной целью российской судебной реформы является укрепление судебной власти по отношению к исполнительной; даже президент Медведев публично признал, что система судопроизводства должна быть независимой. Он заявил о новом этапе реформы, целью которого станет добиться большего соответствия российской судебной системы Конституции страны. Президент также признал необходимость искоренения проблемы неправосудных решений, а также давления на суд, в результате которого зачастую возникают эти решения. Он признал, что «существующий сегодня в России правовой нигилизм является одним из главных препятствий для построения новой процветающей России и стоит на пути прихода в страну иностранных инвестиций». Г-жа Кудешкина также считает, что более эффективная судебная система позволит снизить количество обращений российских граждан в международные суды, такие как Европейский суд по правам человека.
Она также отметила, что «подлинная независимость и обновление являются ключом к эффективности судебной системы. Недавняя ратификация 14 Протокола Европейской конвенции по правам человека также позволяет надеяться на это».
Кудешкина рассказала об исследовании нынешнего состояния судебной системы в России, проведенном в октябре 2009 года российским Центром политических технологий. Исследование «Судебная система России. Состояние и проблемы» было подготовлено по заказу Института современного развития, попечительский совет которого возглавляет президент Дмитрий Медведев. Исследование охватило большое количество экспертов и выявило следующее:
Коррупция
Рычаги давления
Управляемая судебная система
Именно эти недостатки российской судебной системы заставили г-жу Кудешкину публично заявить о том, как контролируется и управляется российская судебная система. В результате ее полномочия судьи Мосгорсуда были прекращены. Впоследствии она обратилась в Европейский суд по правам человека, который в феврале 2009 года постановил, что решение о прекращении ее полномочий было неоправданно суровым, а также оказало «охлаждающий эффект» на судей, которые хотят открытого обсуждения эффективности судебных институтов. Также, ЕСПЧ постановил, что имело место нарушение Статьи 10. Судья Кудешкина получила компенсацию в размере €10 000.
Однако причины для оптимизма, по словам г-жи Кудешкиной, есть. Раньше, даже если подобное исследование и было бы проведено, то, вероятно, его результаты остались бы неопубликованными. Тот факт, что доклад был издан и публично оглашен, свидетельствует о большей открытости и может стать одним из первых шагов к созданию независимой судебной системы в России.
По мнению г-на Дрю Холинера, двумя основными препятствиями на пути реформирования являются зависимость от власти и коррупция. Коррупция проникла в российское общество и считается «нормой»; слишком часто решения принимаются под влиянием тех, от кого зависят судьи.
Сложившаяся система зависимости судебной власти от исполнительной предполагает, что по делам, не имеющим политической подоплеки, могут выноситься непредвзятые решения. Однако таких дел немного, и так как чиновники входят в совет директоров крупных компаний, это означает, что и гражданские, и уголовные дела часто приобретают политический окрас и поэтому становятся объектами влияния. Арбитражные суды и Конституционный суд воспринимаются как несколько более независимые органы в отличие от судов, рассматривающих уголовные и гражданские дела, так как они были сформированы относительно недавно, а большинство судей заняли свои посты после распада СССР.
Г-н Холинер скептически отозвался о способности нового поколения судей изменить ситуацию, так как большинство из них были набраны из правоохранительных органов или начинали свою карьеру на юридическом поприще внутри судебной системы (некоторым судьям всего по 26 лет). Он также обратил внимание на власть и уровень влияния, которыми обладают председатели судов, назначаемые сверху. Он выступил за привлечение в судебную систему большего количества независимых юристов, отметив, что российская коллегия адвокатов является одним из немногих независимых институтов в стране, хотя и не обладает властью или влиянием.
Профессор Алена Леденева рассказала о результатах своего недавнего исследования на тему «телефонного права» (негласное влияние на судебную систему) в России и о новом исследовании, посвященном российским делам, рассматривающимся в настоящий момент в судах Лондона. Всероссийский опрос, проведенный Левада-Центром, показал насколько широко распространен феномен телефонного права. Опрос помог раскрыть систему внешних рычагов давления на судей с целью подчинить их желаниям различных сил. Всего около 6% респондентов посчитали, что на работу судов в России влияние оказывает только закон, (6,4% – считают, только закон принимает в расчет суд, 6,1% – что только закон принимает в расчет прокуратура). Среди противоправных действий, влияющих на работу судов, респонденты отмечали взяточничество (54,8%), неофициальные просьбы (46,9%), которые, вероятно, связаны со скрытой системой вознаграждений, и статус, который имеют истец и ответчик (28,7 %) – что говорит о понимании неравенства перед лицом закона. Исключив ответы лиц, опиравшихся в качестве источника информации на СМИ и слухи, и принимая во внимание мнение только тех, кто имел непосредственный опыт общения с системой «в качестве истца или ответчика, потерпевшего или подозреваемого, свидетеля или присяжного и т.д.», картина меняется: процентный показатель за взяточничество вырастает до 68,8%, неофициальные просьбы – 48,3%, и статус противной стороны – 40,7%. Профессор Леденева привела дела по экстрадиции как доказательство существования «телефонного права», рассказав, что в Великобритании начиная с 2001 года только на двух из 22 судебных заседаний, связанных с экстрадицией, было принято положительное решение.
Профессор Билл Бауринг, председатель правового форума ЕС-Россия сказал: «Мы были очень рады пригласить г-жу Кудешкину, осознать на основе ее знаний и опыта насущную потребность в независимой судебной системе для России. Я надеюсь, что деятельность Центра ЕС-Россия поможет России на ее пути к модернизации и поддержанию верховенства права».
Эти два семинара стали первыми мероприятиями 2010 года, в течение которого Центр ЕС-Россия с помощью встреч и публикаций надеется способствовать сближению и обмену опытом между российской и европейской судебными системами.
Статья директора Центра ЕС-Россия Фрейзера Камерона в International Herald Tribune
Перевод статьи Фрейзера Камерона в International Herald Tribune на русский язык
BOOK REVIEW
A LITTLE WAR THAT SHOOK THE WORLD; GEORGIA, RUSSIA AND THE FUTURE OF THE WEST by Ronald D. Asmus (Palgrave)
There may be a little exaggeration in the title but Ron Asmus has provided a fascinating account of the August 2008 conflict between Georgia and Russia. If there is one weakness in the book, it is that Asmus relies rather too heavily on Georgian and US sources. There is some mention of the EU when it comes to the ceasefire, but remarkably little on the role of Peter Semneby, the EU’s special representative for the region. The biggest weakness is the complete absence of Russian sources. Asmus explains that he did try to contact Russians but there was a marked reluctance to speak to him. This may be because the author was already seen as too pro-Georgian in Russian eyes. Certainly Asmus does not try and hide his involvement in Georgia and his meetings with President Saakashvili. This is what gives the book much of its flavour. But it is still disappointing that no Russians were persuaded to give their side of the story.
The thrust of Asmus’ argument is that the August 2008 conflict was not so much about South Ossietia, as about Russia drawing a red line in the sand against any further NATO enlargement. He does not seek to exculpate Saakashvili for his fateful decision on 7 August but he seeks to explain the rationale for it. After months of provocation, the president believed that Russian forces were entering his country and that he had no choice but to fight. But as Asmus notes, the bottom line is simple: ‘Georgia walked into a war that it was not prepared for and could not win.’
Perhaps of more interest to EU readers is why this ‘frozen conflict’ suddenly burst into flames. Many diplomats and experts had sounded warning bells – why did no one listen to them? Asmus puts forward a number of arguments, from the dangerous precedent of Kosovo, to the lack of attention in Washington. George W Bush was already a lame duck president and his determination to push for Georgian and Ukrainian membership of NATO at the Bucharest summit was a catastrophic mistake. The EU, in the shape of President Sarkozy, stepped in to broker a ceasefire; but the six-point plan was not adhered to by Moscow and the EU did little about it.
Asmus believes that the war could have been prevented if there had been greater Western support for Georgia and more neutral peacekeepers on the ground. This judgement must be open to question. With Putin determined to stop NATO expansion on one side and the hot-headed Saakashvili seeking integration into Euro-Atlantic structures on the other, it is difficult to see where there could be a compromise.
What is clear is that all sides lost in the conflict. Georgia lost territory and civilians. Russia demonstrated its disregard for OSCE commitments not to change borders by force. NATO was shown to be weak and divided. The two breakaway republics received no recognition apart from Nicaragua.
Asmus is enough of a realist to recognise that there is zero chance of Georgia regaining Abhazia and South Ossietia in the foreseeable future. Patience and consolidation of Georgia as a proper democracy are the first requirements. But for the EU and US, Asmus has a clear message. The West needs to stand firm on the principles of the Paris Charter. There can be no backsliding on the fundamental values of democracy and human rights and no acceptance of special spheres of influence. Asmus is right, but will his message be heard?
There is growing disquiet in Europe and elsewhere, that democracy and civil liberties in Russia are being weakened. Increasing state control of the media and the judiciary, legislation restricting NGOs and politically-motivated judicial cases all give cause for concern. Furthermore, EU member states often undermine common EU positions on Russia, thus detracting from a strong EU voice in dealing with Russia.
The EU-Russia Centre is to co-host two events on subject of
THE RUSSIAN JUDICIARY – PRIORITIES FOR CHANGE IN A NEW DECADE
which will feature key guest speaker
Ms Olga Borisovna Kudeshkina,
Former Judge of the Moscow City Court
Monday 8th February 2010, 6.00pm – 8.00pm
Garden Court Chambers, 57-60 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LJ
A seminar co-hosted by The Bar Human Rights Committee and the EU-Russia Centre
Speakers:
Chair:
Professor of Law at Birkbeck College, University of London and member of EU-Russia Centre advisory board
Tuesday 9th February 2010, 4.00pm – 5.30pm
Grimond Room, Portcullis House
Bridge Street London, SW1A 2JH
A seminar co-hosted by The Parliamentary All Party Russia Group, The Foreign Policy Centre and the EU-Russia Centre
Speakers:
Chair:
RSVP: Grace Drury, gd@eu-russiacentre.org
Info:
Olga Kudeshkina was a Russian judge for over 20 years until 2004 when, as a Moscow City Court Judge, she was dismissed over her statements to public media where she claimed to have come under pressure from the Moscow City Court chairman and the Prosecutor General’s Office in a high-profile criminal case. Subsequently, the European Court on Human Rights upheld Ms Kudeshkina’s complaint and ruled that her dismissal from office was a violation of the freedom of expression guaranteed by Article 10 of the Russian Constitution.
In 2003 Ms Kudeshkina stood as a candidate in the general election for seats in the Duma, the parliament of the Russian Federation and included a programme for reform of the judiciary on her platform.
We can only go upwards
For the European Union there is no alternative but to work with Russia as it is, not trying to pretend it is something different.
An interview with Fraser Cameron, Director of the EU-Russia Center, Brussels, by Victor Makarov.
Where do you think the EU-Russia relations are today?
They are emerging form a very bad period. I think that now they can only go upwards. There have been a series of bilateral problems and there has been a backward trend in Russia towards authoritarian system. But now, with Poland and Lithuania having agreed on a common mandate, and with the new president of Russia, we have an opportunity to start moving forwards again. And the basic fundamental fact is that both sides are very dependent on each other and cannot escape from having a relationship. You can call it strategic or whatever you want, but a relationship has to exist between the EU and Russia, for all sorts of reasons.
But, today, is it not much more focused on specific interests? We negotiate the thing we need and we leave out the big questions, such as how do we conceptualize these relations?
We do that with nearly all our partners. We do not have a conceptual framework for the United States. We do not even have a legal framework for the US; we simply have sectoral agreements like air transport and open skies. So what we are trying to do with Russia, and, indeed, with China, is negotiate the most comprehensive agreement that EU has with any third country. Read more
Fueled by rising revenues from its vast oil reserves, Russia is experiencing a sudden comeback from its economic and political collapse just sixteen years ago. This program will consider what Russia’s re-emergence as a global force could mean for the already diminishing constraints of arms control and for a renewed power struggle between Russia and the U.S. in an increasingly multi-polar world.
Click here to listen to the full unedited interview of Fraser Cameron.
Europe and Russia: Moving to Win-Win

Fraser Cameron is the Director of the Eu-Russia Centre, an independent information and expertise resource for anyone interested in the relationship between EU and modern Russia.
The EU-Russia summit in Stockholm last month was a sober, stock-taking exercise. Trade, energy, climate change and the on-going EU-Russia negotiations for a new partnership agreements where the top items on the agenda. But it is safe to assume that the minds of the leaders were elsewhere.<...>